Hoof care for horses: bare hoof or horseshoes? Everything about farriery, shoeing & healthy hooves

Horse hoof structure

Hoof horse anatomy: How is the hoof structured?

The hoof is a complex structure made up of different tissues that are closely connected to each other and perfectly designed to withstand a horse 's load. It consists of several layers and areas:

• Coronet band: The area where the hoof grows back. Damage here can impair growth in the long term.
• Hoof wall: The outer, load-bearing structure that protects the inside of the hoof.
• Hoof sole: The underside of the hoof, which yields slightly and distributes the pressure.
• Beam: A soft, elastic horn fabric that provides shock absorption.
• White line: The connection between the hoof wall and the hoof sole, which plays an important role in stability.

The anatomy of the horse's hoof makes it clear how sensitive this structure is. Incorrect hoof care, unsuitable horseshoes or too long a period without a farrier can cause massive health problems.

The coronet band in horses - growth and function

The coronet band is the growth zone of the hoof. This is where new hoof horn continuously forms, growing from top to bottom and replacing the hoof wall. If the coronet band is injured, this can have long-term effects on hoof health.

Good blood circulation and an adequate supply of nutrients keep the coronet band elastic and functional. Supplementary feed for the hoof can help to support growth.

Advantages and disadvantages: Bare hoof vs. shoeing for horses

Whether a horse can run barehoof or needs horseshoes depends on many factors: usage, hoof condition, husbandry and even individual anatomy. While many horses can be kept barehoof without any problems, others benefit from suitable shoeing to protect or support their hooves.

Barehoof - Natural, but not always ideal

A barehoofed horse wears out its hooves naturally and has the advantage that the hoof mechanism can function optimally. The hoof mechanism, i.e. the natural expansion and contraction of the hoof when stepping, supports blood circulation and ensures a healthy hoof structure.

Advantages of bare hoof:

• Natural shock absorption and better blood circulation
• No risk of pressure points from horseshoes
• Less risk of slipping on smooth surfaces
• No regular farrier costs for shoeing

Disadvantages of bare hoof:

• Greater sensitivity on hard or stony ground
• Longer adaptation period after switching to bare hoof
• Often not suitable for malpositioned or sensitive hooves

A barehoofed horse can also run on harder surfaces without any problems if the sole of the hoof adapts accordingly. For sensitive horses or after a changeover, it may be necessary to use hoof boots temporarily.

Horseshoes - protection for the hoof or unnecessary strain?

The main purpose of horseshoes is to protect the hooves and regulate wear. Especially for horses that are used on hard surfaces or in sport, a well-adjusted shoe can help to prevent excessive wear.

Advantages of horseshoes:

• Protection against excessive wear on hard or stony floors
• Correction of malpositions with special orthopaedic fittings
• Support for conditions such as laminitis or spavin

Disadvantages of horseshoes:

• Restriction of the natural hoof mechanics
• Higher risk of pressure sores and nail treading
• Regular farrier costs and readjustment every 6-8 weeks

Barehoof in an open stable - does it work for every horse?

Horses in open stables run on different surfaces, which often makes the hooves more resistant. A barehoofed horse can often adapt better in such a setting than a horse that only stands on soft ground. Nevertheless, the decision for or against horseshoes always depends on the individual horse.

Converting a horse to bare hooves - what you need to consider

The changeover to bare hooves should not be rushed. The hooves can be sensitive immediately after the horseshoes have been removed, as the sole of the hoof has to harden first. The conversion phase often lasts several months, during which:

• Hoof boots can be useful for the transition
• Hoof care must be carried out with particular care
• Regular hoof trimming by the farrier remains necessary

The question " laminitis: shoeing or barehoof?" cannot be answered in general terms. Some horses with laminitis benefit from special shoes, others do better in the long term with bare hooves.

Whether bare hooves or horseshoes - the decision should always be made on an individual basis. Regular hoof care, a balanced diet and the right load are crucial for healthy horse hooves.

➡️ Video tip: No hoof, no horse - barehoof vs. shoeing
‍Doesyour horse really needhorseshoes or can it also run barehoof? Dr. Charlotte von Zadow explains the advantages and disadvantages of both options and which factors play a role in the decision. Find out what really matters!

Farrier and hoof trimmer

Your horse's hoof care is crucial for its health, mobility and performance. But who is the right person to contact? Farrier, hoof trimmer or hoof trimmer - they all have different tasks and qualifications.

What does a farrier do?

A farrier is trained to look after both barehoof horses and horses with horseshoes. He can:

• Trim and shape hooves professionally
• Adjusting and nailing on the horseshoe
• Making orthopaedic shoes for horses with deformities or hoof diseases
• Attach special fittings such as adhesive fittings or Duplo fittings
• Targeted intervention for acute problems such as cracks in the hoof or laminitis

How often should your horse go to the farrier?

The correct rhythm depends on usage and hoof growth rates:

• Barehoof horses: Every 6 to 8 weeks to ensure even wear and tear
• Horses with shoes: Every 6 to 8 weeks, as the hoof wall continues to develop and wearing shoes for too long can lead to incorrect loading

What does a hoof trimmer or hoof trimmer do?

A hoof trimmer or hoof trimmer specializes in barehoof horses and only takes care of natural hoof care. He can:

• File and shape the hooves to achieve a correct position
• Support the hoof mechanics by optimizing the natural load
• Provide advice on healthy feeding and husbandry for strong hooves

Farrier or hoof trimmer - who is better for your horse?

Whether you have your horse looked after by a farrier or hoof trimmer depends on several factors:

For horses with special orthopaedic requirements, such as spavin, laminitis or deformities, an experienced farrier is essential. A hoof trimmer can be a good alternative if your horse runs barehoof and you value the most natural hoof care possible.

The right choice always depends on the individual horse, its use and the condition of its hooves. A good hoof expert will help you make the best decision for your horse.

Hoof problems & diseases

The hooves bear the entire weight of the horse and are exposed to high levels of stress on a daily basis. Misalignment, incorrect hoof care or unsuitable posture can lead to hoof problems and serious illnesses. Early detection and targeted treatment are crucial to maintain hoof health and prevent long-term damage.

Crack in the hoof

A crack in the hoof can be harmless or have serious consequences, depending on its depth and location. Superficial hoof cracks are often a cosmetic problem, while deep hoof cracks can extend into the corium and lead to pain or infection.

Causes of cracks in the hoof:

• Dry or brittle hoof wall due to lack of moisture
• Incorrect hoof trimming or uneven loading
• Too long hoof intervals or incorrect shoeing
• Injuries or mechanical effects

Treatment and prevention:

• Regular hoof care and professional treatment by the farrier
• Balanced nutrition with biotin and minerals to strengthen the hoof horn
• Correct moisturizing by applying hoof oil or hoof grease
• In severe cases, shoeing with special clips or synthetic resin may be necessary

Thrush in horses

Thrush is a bacterial disease of the frog that is favored by damp, unhygienic conditions. It occurs when bacteria penetrate the softer frog horn and decompose tissue there.

Signs of thrush:

• Soft, putrid frog horn with an unpleasant odor
• Deep black gaps in the beam
• Sensitivity when scraping hooves or walking

Treatment and prevention:

• Daily cleaning of the hooves, especially the frog furrows
• Dry bedding in the stable and clean walkways
• Treatment with disinfectant solutions or special thrush agents
• Regular hoof trimming to avoid deep grooves

📖 Reading tip: Thrush in horses - causes, symptoms & treatment
Thrush is a widespread hoof disease that is often promoted by poor stable hygiene and damp ground. Find out how to recognize the first signs, what treatment options are available and how to give your horse healthy hooves in the long term - Read now!

Laminitis

Laminitis is one of the most feared hoof diseases, as it causes severe pain and can lead to hoof bone rotation in the long term. It is an inflammation of the hoof periosteum, which weakens the connection between the hoof wall and the coffin bone.

Causes of laminitis:

• Excessive intake of starch and sugar, e.g. from fresh spring grass
• Metabolic diseases such as EMS or Cushing's
• Overloading due to incorrect loading or hard floors
• Poisoning or infections

Symptoms of laminitis:

• Typical roe deer posture with forelegs pointing backwards
• Warmth in the hooves and clear hoof pulse
• Painful, careful walking or standing

Treatment and management:

• Immediate relief through soft ground or special deer fittings
• Reducing sugar and starch intake
• Sprue dressings or cooling of the hooves to reduce inflammation
• Consultation with the vet and farrier for adapted management

➡️ Video tip: The spectre of laminitis - when every step hurts!
Learn all about the causes, symptoms and dangers of this serious inflammation from experts at the Karthaus Veterinary Clinic, including the risks of lowering or rotating the coffin bone - important knowledge for horse health!

Hoof abscess

A hoof abscess or hoof ulcer is caused by a bacterial infection inside the hoof and can cause severe pain. The horse usually suddenly becomes severely lame as pressure builds up inside the hoof.

Signs of a hoof abscess:

• Acute, severe lameness without recognizable external injury
• Warmth in the hoof and strong hoof pulse
• Possible swelling in the area of the coronary band or fetlock joint

Treatment:

• Opening of the abscess by the farrier or vet
• Sprue dressings or warm baths to facilitate the drainage of pus
• Clean stalls to avoid new infections
• If necessary, antibiotics and painkillers after consultation with the vet

📖 Reading tip : Hoof ulcers in horses - causes, symptoms & treatment
A hoof ulcer can be extremely painful for horses and lead to sudden lameness. Find out how to recognize a hoof ulcer at an early stage, which treatment methods help and how you can prevent it - Read now!

Sprue dressing for the hoof

An angus bandage is used to treat inflammation in the hoof or to promote blood circulation. This method can be particularly helpful for laminitis, hoof abscesses or severe bruising.

When is a sprue dressing used?

• Laminitis for cooling and anti-inflammation
• hoof ulcers or abscesses to soften the hoof and facilitate drainage
• Swelling or bruising after heavy exertion

This is how a sprue dressing is applied:

1. Disinfection of the affected hoof area
2. Application of an anti-inflammatory solution (e.g. Rivanol or Betadine)
3. Wrapping the hoof in a moist bandage
4. Fixation with hoof bandage material or a special hoof boot bandage
5. Regular changes to avoid infections

Hoof warm, horse not lame - Is this normal?

Many horse owners are concerned when they notice that a hoof is warm. However, this is not always a sign of hoof disease.

Possible causes of warm hooves:

• Natural warming through exercise or warm weather
• Temporary increased blood flow after training
• First signs of laminitis or inflammation

A warm hoof sensation is not always a cause for concern. If the horse is not lame and shows no other symptoms, it may be a normal physiological reaction. However, if the hoof remains warm for an extended period of time or additional symptoms such as an increased hoof pulse or sensitivity occur, a vet or farrier should be consulted.

Correct hoof care as the key to prevention

Most hoof diseases can be prevented by good hoof care, appropriate feeding and regular hoof trimming. Individual care by an experienced farrier or hoof trimmer is crucial.

• Daily inspection and cleaning of the hooves
• Regular processing every 6 to 8 weeks
• Keep dry and clean to prevent moisture problems
• Balanced feeding to support hoof growth

The right shoe for your horse

Not every horse needs horseshoes, but for many horses they can be necessary to protect the hooves, compensate for misalignments or distribute the load better. In addition to classic horseshoes, there are modern alternatives such as adhesive shoes or plastic shoes. But which shoe is the right one?

Horseshoes for horses - a tradition or a must?

The classic horseshoe is made of metal and attached to the hoof wall with nails. It offers protection against excessive wear and can reduce the strain on joints and tendons.

Advantages of horseshoes

• Protection against abrasion on hard floors
• Can correct misalignments
• Stabilizing for horses with weak hooves

Disadvantages of horseshoes

• Restriction of the natural hoof mechanics
• Higher risk of pressure sores and injuries
• Regular adjustment by the farrier required

Adhesive shoeing for horses - an alternative to nailed irons?

Glue-on shoes are glued directly onto the hoof wall without nails. This method is particularly suitable for horses with sensitive or brittle hooves where traditional shoeing is not possible.

Advantages of adhesive fittings

• No damage to the hoof wall from nails
• More flexible than metal, better shock absorption
• Can be used for injured or weakened hooves

Disadvantages of adhesive fittings

• Durability is often shorter than with nailed horseshoes
• Greater effort required for installation
• Susceptible to detachment in strongly changing weather conditions

Duplo Horseshoe - Combination of metal and synthetic material

The Duplo horseshoe consists of a combination of metal core and plastic coating. It combines the advantages of a stable horseshoe with a certain flexibility for the hoof mechanics.

Advantages of Duplo fittings

• Better shock absorption than pure metal horseshoes
• More slip-resistant than classic irons
• Can correct and support malpositions

Disadvantages of Duplo fittings

• Higher costs compared to conventional horseshoes
• Not suitable for every horse
• Must be fitted by an experienced farrier

Spat shoeing - support for horses with joint problems

Horses with spavin, a degenerative disease of the hocks, often require special orthopaedic shoeing to reduce the strain on the affected joints.

Advantages of spar fittings

• Relief of the affected joints
• Support of the hindquarters mechanics
• Reduction of pain through targeted pressure distribution

Disadvantages of spade fittings

• Requires individual customization
• Not every farrier technique is suitable for spavin horses
• Regular checks and improvements necessary

What types of fittings are there and when are they useful?

Whether a horse needs shoeing or can run barehoof always depends on the individual hoof health, use and posture. Regular consultation with the farrier or hoof trimmer is essential to find the best solution for each horse.

Supplementary feed hoof horse

Healthy hooves are the foundation of an efficient horse. In addition to regular hoof care and appropriate hoof trimming by a farrier or hoof trimmer, feeding plays a decisive role. Hooves grow continuously and require an adequate supply of nutrients to remain stable and resilient.

Which supplementary feed promotes healthy hooves?

📖 Reading tip: Supplementary & mineral feed for horses - What does your horse really need?
Does your horse need supplementary feed or is a balanced basic feed enough? Find out which minerals and trace elements are essential, when supplementary feeding makes sense and what you should look out for when choosing the right feed - Read now!

Hoof care tips for every day - How to keep your horse's hooves healthy

In addition to the right feed, daily hoof care plays a crucial role. A consistent routine helps to prevent diseases such as thrush, cracks in the hoof or excessive horn abrasion.

Daily hoof inspection & cleaning

• Scraping the hooves before and after riding to remove stones and dirt
• Check for cracks, pressure points or warm hooves to detect problems at an early stage
• In damp soils: keep frog furrows dry to prevent thrush

Regular hoof trimming by the farrier

• Bare hoof: Correction by the hoof trimmer every 6-8 weeks
• Shoeing: An appointment with the farrier every 6-8 weeks to replace the shoes
• If necessary: Corrective fittings or orthopaedic measures for malpositions

Targeted use of moisture and care products

• Hooves should neither be too dry nor too moist, as both can weaken the horn structure
• For dry hooves: Hoof oil or hoof grease to retain moisture
• For wet hooves: If possible, dry bedding and targeted disinfection of the frog furrows

Conclusion: Healthy hooves as the basis for a healthy horse

Proper hoof care is essential for your horse's health and mobility. A combination of regular hoof trimming, appropriate feeding and the right posture ensures stable and resilient hooves in the long term.

FAQs - Frequently asked questions about hooves, hoof care and shoeing

How do I recognize a good farrier?

A good farrier takes time for each horse, works precisely and pays attention to correct hoof positioning. After trimming, the hoof should be symmetrical and allow even weight-bearing. The farrier should be able to adapt to the horse's individual needs and answer questions clearly.

What is the difference between a farrier and a hoof trimmer?

• Farrier: State-certified specialist who can work on barehoof horses as well as fitting horseshoes and orthopaedic shoes.
• Hoof trimmer/hoof trimmer: Specializes in the treatment of barehoof horses, but does not fit horseshoes or special shoes.

How much does a visit to the farrier cost?

The costs vary depending on the region, farrier and horse.

• Trimming bare hoof: 40-80 €
• Horseshoe shoeing (4 shoes): 100-180 €
• Special fittings (e.g. lift-up fitting, Duplo, adhesive fitting): € 150-250

Adhesive horseshoes or special orthopaedic horseshoes usually cost more than classic iron horseshoes.

Why shouldn't you ride immediately after the farrier?

Immediately after hoof trimming or shoeing, the horse may be more sensitive as the hooves and the load have changed slightly. A break of one to two days can help if the horse reacts sensitively.

How long should I not ride after the farrier?

The horse can usually be ridden again immediately after the treatment. If the horse is sensitive after trimming, a short break of one to two days will help.

Do horses have pain at the farrier?

No, cutting and filing the hoof is painless, as the hoof horn does not contain any nerves. However, incorrect shoeing or improper trimming can lead to pressure points and discomfort.

How often does a horse have to go to the farrier?

Depending on hoof growth and use, the horse should be treated every 6-8 weeks.

• Barehoof horses: Approximately every 6-8 weeks for checking and correction
• Shod horses: Every 6-8 weeks, as the hooves continue to develop and the shoeing needs to be adjusted

What does the ideal hoof look like?

• Even hoof wall without cracks
• Well-developed beam for shock absorption
• Round, even shape that relieves the musculoskeletal system
• No one-sided wear or pressure points

Are horseshoes good for horses?

Horseshoes protect the hooves on hard surfaces and can correct misalignments. They are useful for horses that run a lot on asphalt paths, in sport or under heavy loads. Bare hooves are healthier for many horses, but require longer adaptation.

What does the hoof look like with laminitis?

• Warm hooves with a strongly palpable hoof pulse
• Deer posture: The horse puts its front legs forward to take the weight off the toes
• Pain and lameness, especially on hard ground
• Deformed hoof wall in chronic laminitis

What do you call a horse without a horseshoe?

A barehoof horse.

How much does a farrier cost for a barehoof horse?

Trimming the hooves costs 40-80 €, depending on the region and farrier.

How often should bare hooves be trimmed?

A barehoofed horse should be trimmed and checked every 6-8 weeks.

Can every horse run barehoof?

Not every horse can walk barehoof without problems. Horses with weak hooves, malpositions or heavy loads often need shoeing to protect their hooves.

What types of horseshoes are there?

• Steel or aluminum horseshoe (classic)
• Adhesive shoes (gentle on the hoof wall)
• Duplo fittings (plastic-metal combination)
• Special shoes for hoof diseases

When should a horse be converted to bare hooves?

A change makes sense if the hoof is healthy and the horse can adapt to natural wear and tear.

How long does the conversion to bare hoof take?

The adaptation period is several months to a year, as the hoof sole has to harden and adapt.

How much does adhesive shoeing cost for horses?

Depending on the material and farrier, between 120 and 250 €.

What is orthopaedic shoeing?

A specially adapted shoe that corrects malpositions or supports horses with hoof diseases.

What types of farriery are there?

• Normal horseshoes (steel, aluminum)
• Adhesive fittings
• Duplo fitting
• Special fittings for diseases (rehab fittings, spavin fittings)

What are the disadvantages of NBS fittings?

• Not suitable for all horses
• Can cause incorrect loading if not fitted correctly
• Often more expensive than conventional fittings

Is the Duplo Horseshoe good for horses with osteoarthritis?

Yes, the Duplo Horseshoe can relieve the joints due to its shock absorption and support horses with osteoarthritis.

Which shoe is suitable for osteoarthritis in horses?

• Shock-absorbing fittings (e.g. Duplo or plastic fittings)
• Round fittings that shift the roll-off point to the front
• Special orthopaedic fittings, depending on the course of the disease

Did horses have horseshoes in the Middle Ages?

Yes, horseshoes were used to protect hooves as early as the 9th century.

Can you ride a horse without a horseshoe?

Yes, if the horse has stable hooves and can adapt to the ground.

What material is used for horseshoes?

• Steel (classic, durable)
• Aluminum (lighter, often for sport horses)
• Plastic (flexible, shock-absorbing)