Horse ataxia: causes, symptoms and treatment at a glance

What is ataxia in horses?

Ataxia is a neurological disorder that impairs a horse's coordination of movement. It is often caused by faulty signal transmission between the brain, the spinal cord and the muscles. Affected horses have difficulty executing their movements in a targeted and harmonious manner, which leads to balance problems, unsteady gait or even stumbling . Ataxia is not a disease in its own right, but a symptom of an underlying condition that can range from injury to infection.

Cerebral ataxia horse

Cerebral ataxia affects the horse's cerebrum, diencephalon or midbrain. These areas are responsible for movement control and sensory perception.
Typical characteristics:

• Movement disorders both when standing and walking.
• Behavioral changes, such as disorientation or unusual reactions to stimuli.

Cerebellar ataxia horse

Cerebellar ataxia is caused by damage to the cerebellum, which is responsible for fine motor skills and coordination of movement.
Typical characteristics:

• Movement disorders both when standing and walking.
• Exaggerated movements of the limbs(hypermetria), which often appear uncoordinated.
• Difficulties in executing movements precisely.

Spinal ataxia horse

Spinal ataxia is the most common form and is caused by damage to the spinal cord, particularly in the area of the cervical spine.
Typical characteristics:

• Unsteady and unsteady gait, especially in the hindquarters.
• Problems with tight turns and backing up.
• Difficulty maintaining balance, especially when hoofing.

Relevance of the topic for horse owners

Ataxia is a serious issue for horse owners, as it can severely affect a horse's quality of life and usability. If left untreated, it can lead to dangerous situations for both horse and rider. Early detection and targeted measures are crucial to influence the course of the disease and ensure the horse's well-being. Correct diagnosis is also important, as ataxia is often confused with other movement disorders. Horse owners should therefore pay close attention to the first symptoms and consult a vet immediately if they are suspected.

Causes of ataxia in horses

The causes of ataxia in horses are varied and can be both neurological and mechanical in nature. The most common triggers are explained below:

Spinal ataxia in horses: damage to the spinal cord

• Wobbler syndrome in horses: A narrowing of the spinal canal that exerts pressure on the spinal cord.
• Traumatic injuries: E.g. due to falls or accidents.
• Inflammation of the spinal cord: bacterial or viral infections.
• Degenerative diseases: Age-related changes in the spine.

Cerebral ataxia: damage to the brain

• Equine herpesvirus (EHV-1)An infection that attacks the central nervous system.
• Poisoning: For example, by mycotoxins (mold toxins) or other neurotoxic substances.
• Tumors or lesions in the brain that interfere with signal processing.

➡️ Video tip: Learn all about the Equine Herpes Virus and why vaccination makes sense. 

Cerebellar ataxia in horses: damage to the cerebellum

• Congenital malformations: Genetic defects can affect the normal development of the cerebellum.
• Injuries: Traumas that directly affect the cerebellum.
• Infections or inflammations: For example, due to viral or bacterial pathogens.

Other possible triggers for ataxia in horses

• Malnutrition: A vitamin E or selenium deficiency can cause nerve damage.
• Toxins: Plants such as ragwort contain substances that can damage the nervous system.
• Infectious diseases: Diseases such as West Nile virus infection, Lyme disease or equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) can cause neurological damage.

➡️ Video tip: In this video, Professor Dr. Karsten Feigefrom the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover explains everything important about the West Nile virus (WNV). Learn how the virus is transmitted by infected mosquitoes, what symptoms can occur in horses and how you can effectively protect your horse from infection. From preventative measures such as vaccinations to mosquito control, this video provides valuable insights for horse owners.

Ataxia horse symptoms and first signs

Ataxia in horses manifests itself through various symptoms that indicate impaired coordination of movement. Early recognition of these signs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Typical symptoms of ataxia

• Unsteady and unsteady gait: Horses with ataxia often show an unsteady gait reminiscent of a drunken state.
• Frequent stumbling: Affected animals stumble more often, especially on uneven ground or when changing direction.
• Exaggerated movements (hypermetria): Excessive leg movements may occur, with the legs being raised unusually high.
• Difficulties with tight turns: Problems are often observed when making tight turns or backing up.
• Balance disorders: Horses can suddenly stagger or buckle in the hindquarters.
• Uncontrolled movements: In advanced cases, uncontrolled movements of the limbs occur.

Diagnosis of ataxia in horses

Early and accurate diagnosis of ataxia is crucial in order to initiate the correct treatment and maintain the horse's quality of life. There are various methods to identify the causes of ataxia:

Clinical examination

The vet begins with a comprehensive physical examination. The horse is observed for swaying, stumbling and balance problems. Tests such as backing up, tight turns or leading the horse uphill and downhill help to assess the severity of the ataxia.

Neurological tests

In order to identify neurological disorders, special tests are carried out, for example by gently pulling the tail to check the horse's ability to react. The posture and coordination of movement are also analyzed in detail.

Imaging procedures

If spinal ataxia is suspected, imaging procedures play a decisive role in the diagnosis. These make it possible to visualize injuries, spinal canal constrictions or inflammation in the spinal cord and surrounding structures. These procedures are particularly indispensable in the clarification of Wobbler syndrome or other structural problems.

X-ray horse

X-ray examinations offer a quick and cost-effective way of assessing the bone structures of the spine. They are often used as a first step to identify obvious changes such as vertebral anomalies or fractures. However, X-rays can be limited in their detail, especially when soft tissues such as the spinal cord are to be examined.

➡️ Video tip: In this video you will learn all about how the X-ray works and the advantages and disadvantages of the X-ray. 

Ultrasound horse

Ultrasound expands the diagnostic possibilities by providing a view of the soft tissue structures. This method can be used to detect inflammation, fluid accumulation or swelling in the area of the spine and spinal cord. Ultrasound is particularly suitable for examining tissue close to the surface and is non-invasive.

➡️ Video tipIn this video, Dr. Bernadette Unkrüer from the Telgte Veterinary Clinic explains how sonography works and what can be seen on an ultrasound image. 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) horse

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI ) can be used for an even more detailed analysis. This state-of-the-art procedure makes it possible to precisely visualize the spinal cord, the surrounding structures and even the finest tissue changes. MRI is particularly helpful in diagnosing compressions or changes in nerve tissue that are not visible to the naked eye or by other imaging techniques.

➡️ Video tip: What advantages does it have compared to CT? And when does it make sense to have an MRI? Find out everything about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this video.

Blood tests

Blood tests are a fundamental and important method for identifying possible causes of ataxia in horses. They provide information about the state of health and give indications of underlying diseases. In particular, they can indicate the following aspects:

• Inflammation: Elevated inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or altered leukocyte counts indicate inflammatory processes in the body.
• Infections: Specific tests can detect infections such as equine herpesvirus (EHV-1) or other viral and bacterial pathogens.
• Deficiency symptoms: A vitamin E or selenium deficiency can lead to nerve damage that impairs movement coordination. Blood tests help to check these levels and, if necessary, compensate for them with nutritional supplements.

➡️ Video tip: In this video, Dr. Judith Winter from SYNLAB Vet explains the importance of the blood test as a central diagnostic tool for horses. In addition to providing an overview of the general state of health, the blood count provides valuable information on possible deficiencies or diseases.

Cerebrospinal fluid analyses

The examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a further diagnostic measure that is used in particular for neurological diseases such as ataxia. A sample of cerebrospinal fluid is taken and analyzed. The following findings can be obtained:

• Viral infections: CSF analyses can reveal the presence of viruses such as EHV-1 or the West Nile virus.
• Inflammatory diseases: Evidence of meningitis or encephalitis, which can also trigger ataxia, can be identified.
• Damage to the nervous system: Changes in the protein or cell content of the cerebrospinal fluid can indicate structural or functional damage to the central nervous system.

Observations by the owner

Videos documenting the horse's unsteady gait or stumbling can provide the vet with valuable information. Horse owners should also carefully observe changes in their horse's behavior or movement and describe them in detail.

Ataxia horse treatment and prognosis

The treatment of ataxia in horses depends heavily on the underlying cause. Early diagnosis is crucial in order to initiate the appropriate therapeutic measures. While some forms of ataxia are treatable, the prognosis remains limited in other cases.

Drug treatment

• Cortisone for ataxia in horses: Anti-inflammatory drugs such as cortisone can reduce swelling in the spinal cord and alleviate the symptoms of spinal ataxia.
• Vitamin E and selenium: These nutrients support nerve function and are essential when feeding a horse with ataxia.
• Antibiotics and antivirals: For cerebral ataxia caused by infections such as the equine herpesvirus (EHV-1)medication is used specifically.

Physiotherapy and exercises to improve coordination

• Ataxia horse exercises: Special training units such as arching the back and cavaletti exercises help to improve coordination and strengthen the muscles.
• Ground work and balance training: Exercises that promote the balance of the hindquarters are particularly effective.
• Slow and controlled movements on different surfaces help the horse to control its movements better.

Nutritional support and food supplements

• Targeted feeding for ataxia in horses can have a supportive effect.
• Vitamin E and selenium should be included in the feed in sufficient quantities, as they support nerve functions.
• High-quality feed supplements can promote regeneration.

Surgical interventions

• For structural problems such as Wobbler's syndrome, surgery may be considered to reduce the pressure on the spinal cord.
• Interventions of this kind are complex and associated with risks, but in some cases offer a significant improvement in symptoms.

Treatment of poisoning and neuritis

• Nerve inflammation in horses Symptoms such as swaying or loss of balance are often caused by infections or toxins. In such cases, rapid detoxification is crucial.
• Supportive preparations for the liver can promote healing.

Prognosis for ataxia

The prognosis for ataxia in horses depends heavily on the cause and severity:

• Mild forms of ataxia: With targeted exercises and appropriate treatment, affected horses can often lead a good life.
• Severe ataxia: If the horse sways a lot, frequently loses its balance or buckles in the hindquarters, the quality of life is often severely restricted.
• Euthanizing an ataxic horse: In severe cases, where treatment is no longer possible, euthanizing the horse can be a humane decision.

Ataxia horse feeding and care

The right feeding and care play a decisive role in the well-being of horses with ataxia. Targeted measures can alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

Special feed and vitamins

Vitamin E and selenium:
These antioxidants support nerve function and can counteract degenerative processes. A deficiency can lead to muscle and nerve damage. It is therefore important to increase the content of these nutrients in the feed in the feed.

Omega-3 fatty acids:
They have an anti-inflammatory effect and promote general health. Linseed oil is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids and can be added to the feed.

High-quality roughage:
An adequate supply of high-quality hay is essential. It forms the basis of horse feeding and should always be available.

Supplementary feed:
Supplements such as magnesium can calm the nervous system and relieve muscle tension. Brewer's yeast supports digestion and can improve general well-being.

Keeping tips: Safety in the stable and on the pasture

Stable and non-slip floor coverings:
To prevent falls, the stable and pasture should be equipped with non-slip surfaces. Rubber mats or special floor coverings can be helpful here.

Bedding:
Choosing the right beddingbedding contributes to safety and hygiene. Straw pellets, for example, are absorbent and provide a firm footing. 

Barrier-free environment:
Sharp edges, narrow passages or obstacles should be avoided to minimize the risk of injury.

Regular exercise:
Daily, controlled exercise promotes muscle development and can improve coordination. Care should be taken to ensure a safe environment.

FAQs on ataxia in horses

What is ataxia in horses?

Ataxia is a neurological disorder that affects the horse's coordination of movement. It occurs when the brain, spinal cord or nerves no longer communicate correctly with each other. This leads to unsteady gait, swaying and balance problems.

What is spinal ataxia in horses?

Spinal ataxia is caused by damage to the spinal cord, usually in the area of the cervical spine. Common causes are Wobbler syndrome, injuries or inflammation of the spinal cord. This form is mainly characterized by weaknesses in the hindquarters.

What are the symptoms of ataxia in horses?

• Unsteady, unsteady gait.
• Frequent stumbling, especially on uneven ground.
• Exaggerated movements of the legs(hypermetria).
• Loss of balance when hoofing.
• Problems with tight turns or backing up.

Can ataxia in horses be treated?

The treatment depends on the cause:

• Drug therapies such as cortisone or antibiotics for inflammation.
• Vitamin E and selenium can help with a nutrient deficiency.
• Physiotherapy and special exercises promote movement coordination.
• In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, e.g. in the case of Wobbler's syndrome.

Is ataxia hereditary in horses?

Some forms, such as cerebellar ataxia, can be genetic. Especially when breeding, it is important to test for possible hereditary diseases in order to exclude affected animals.

Which food for ataxia in horses?

An adapted diet is essential:

• Vitamin E and selenium support nerve function.
• High-quality roughage and balanced supplementary feed are important.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, e.g. from linseed oil, have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Can ataxia in horses disappear?

Mild cases of ataxia can be significantly improved with targeted treatment and care. In the case of irreversible damage, however, it is usually only possible to alleviate the symptoms.

Can ataxia in horses be cured?

The curability depends on the cause:

• Infectious ataxias, e.g. caused by EHV-1, can be treated with early treatment.
• Degenerative and structural problems often cannot be cured, but the quality of life can be improved.

What causes ataxia in horses?

Ataxia can be caused by many factors, including:

• Infections such as EHV-1 or the West Nile virus.
• Injuries or trauma.
• Malnutrition (e.g. vitamin E or selenium deficiency).
• Toxins, e.g. from ragwort.

How is ataxia diagnosed in horses?

The diagnosis includes:

• Clinical and neurological examinations.
• Imaging procedures such as X-ray or MRI.
• Blood and nerve fluid analyses to identify inflammations or infections.

What does ataxia look like in horses?

A horse with ataxia shows:

• Unsteadiness when walking or standing.
• Excessive lifting of the legs (hypermetria).
• Frequent stumbling and balance problems.

How does ataxia begin in horses?

The first signs can be subtle, e.g:

• Slight uncertainties in the gait.
• More frequent stumbling.
• Difficulties when backing up or hoofing.

How long can a horse with ataxia live?

The lifespan depends on the severity of the ataxia and the treatment. With mild ataxia and good care, horses can lead a full life. In severe cases, where the quality of life is severely impaired, euthanasia may be a welfare decision.