Horse respiration explained: Recognizing and dealing with respiratory problems

How does equine respiration work?

Horses are obligate nose-breathers, which means that they breathe exclusively through their nose and not through their mouth. Breathing takes place in two phases:

1. Inhalation: The air flows through the nostrils into the windpipe, passes through the larynx and enters the lungs. There, oxygen is exchanged in the alveoli (air sacs).
2. Exhalation: The horse expels used air with carbon dioxide by contracting the diaphragm and respiratory muscles.

Breathing is closely linked to movement, especially when galloping, where one breath corresponds exactly to one gallop. Horses need free and undisturbed breathing to ensure an optimal oxygen supply.

➡️ Video tipThe horse's lungs - breathing is life! Find out why the lungs are a unique performance organ, which diseases can affect them and how you can optimally support your horse's respiratory health - watch now!

The horse's respiratory system can be divided into two areas:

• Upper respiratory tract: This includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and larynx. The inhaled air is filtered and humidified here before it enters the lower respiratory tract. During intensive breathing, the nostrils can expand - a process known as nostril puffing.
• Lower respiratory tract: This includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The important gas exchange takes place in the alveoli. The horse has an enormous lung volume, which enables effective oxygen uptake - essential for its performance.

Gas exchange is a central process in which oxygen is transferred into the blood and carbon dioxide is exhaled. Efficient breathing ensures that the horse receives sufficient oxygen for cell function and energy metabolism.

Normal respiratory rate and deviations

The normal respiratory rate of a horse at rest is around 10 to 18 breaths per minute. The respiratory rate can vary slightly in breeds such as the Icelandic horse. Under stress, the breathing rate can increase to up to 240 breaths per minute.

What does the respiratory rate say?

Deviations from the normal breathing rate can indicate health problems. An increased respiratory rate at rest can indicate pain, stress, or respiratory disease, for example. Horse owners should therefore regularly check their horse's breathing rate by observing the movements of the chest or flanks and counting the number of breaths per minute.

When is the respiratory rate a cause for concern?

• More than 20 breaths per minute at rest → Indication of stress, pain or respiratory diseases.
• More than 30 breaths per minute at rest → Emergency, call a vet immediately.
• Very shallow or gasping breathing → sign of oxygen deficiency or circulatory problems.

Clear abdominal breathing is another sign of breathing problems. When the horse is belly breathing, the belly visibly bulges outwards during breathing, which can indicate respiratory distress or shortness of breath. It can be helpful to watch a video of abdominal breathing to discuss it with a vet.

Abdominal breathing in horses

Abdominal breathing refers to increased use of the abdominal muscles when breathing, especially when exhaling. Normally, breathing takes place mainly via the diaphragm, but in the case of breathing difficulties, the horse must also tense its abdominal muscles in order to push the air out of the lungs. This is manifested by a visible movement of the flanks and, in severe cases, can lead to the formation of a vapor channel - a depression along the abdominal muscles.

Abdominal breathing often occurs when the air supply is difficult, whether due to poor stable air, high dust levels or restricted lung function.

Common respiratory diseases in horses

In the following video, Dr. Wolfgang Scheidemann explains in detail what respiratory diseases there are and what measures can be taken to provide the horse with the best possible support:

There are various respiratory diseases that can affect horses:

Equine asthma

Equine asthma is a chronic, non-infectious respiratory disease triggered by allergic reactions to dust, mold spores or ammonia vapors in the stable air. It used to be called IAD (Inflammatory Airway Disease) in its mild form and RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction) in its severe form.

➡️ Video tipEquine asthma - diagnosis and treatment! Dr. med. vet. Julia Engels explains how equine asthma is diagnosed, what symptoms occur and what treatment options are available - important information for your horse's respiratory health!

Infectious bronchitis in horses

Infectious bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Affected horses often suffer from coughfever and nasal discharge. The disease can spread quickly, especially in stables with many horses. Early treatment and improved stable hygiene are crucial to prevent the disease from spreading.

Pneumonia in horses

Pneumonia is a serious illness caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Typical symptoms are high fever, difficult breathing , cough and general weakness. If left untreated, pneumonia can be life-threatening, which is why a vet should be consulted immediately if it is suspected.

Laryngeal whistling (laryngeal hemiplegia) in horses

Laryngeal whistling is a paralysis of the laryngeal muscles that leads to whistling breathing noises. Larger horses are particularly frequently affected. This condition can severely restrict performance as breathing is impaired under stress. You can find out more about the causes, symptoms and treatment in our article: "Laryngeal whistling in horses: when the sound sets the tone for health".

➡️ Video tip: A day in the operating theater - treating laryngeal whistling! Join Dr. Olivier Brandenberger and his team during an operation to treat laryngeal whistling and find out how the diagnosis is made, how a prosthesis can help and what the prospects are for horses after treatment - watch now!

Hay dust allergy (RAO) - Chronic respiratory disease in horses

RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction), formerly known as dampness, is a chronic respiratory disease caused by an allergic reaction to dust particles from hay and straw. Affected horses often have difficulty breathing out, which leads to increased abdominal breathing and a deepening of the flank muscles. A low-dust environment and optimized feeding are essential for treatment.

Sinusitis in horses - inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that usually occurs as a result of an infection. Typical symptoms include unilateral nasal discharge, swelling of the face and an unpleasant smell from the breath. Early veterinary treatment is important to avoid chronic sinusitis and possible complications.

EIPH (Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage) - pulmonary bleeding in horses

EIPH occurs particularly in heavily stressed horses and is manifested by bleeding in the lungs. A common symptom is nosebleeds after intense exertion. The exact causes are not yet fully understood, but exercise management and targeted medical measures can help to control the symptoms.

Respiratory problems in horses: Symptoms and causes

Symptoms of breathing problems

• Increased breathing rate: A faster breathing rhythm than normal, even at rest.
• CoughingEspecially after exertion or in dusty environments.
• Nasal discharge: Clear or mucous secretions, often accompanied by nasal tremors.
• Strained breathing: Visible effort in breathing, possibly with sunken flanks. Significant abdominal breathing may indicate chronic breathing problems.
• Poor performance: decrease in physical performance and rapid exhaustion.

In the event of such symptoms, a vet should be consulted immediately to diagnose and treat possible causes.

Common causes of breathing problems

Here are some of the most common causes of breathing problems in horses and their respective symptoms:

Helping the horse with respiratory problems:

In the event of acute breathing problems, the horse should be moved immediately to a quiet, well-ventilated environment. Relieve the pressure on the neck area by loosening the girth and calm the horse. Observe the breathing rate and breathing movements. If shortness of breath or abdominal breathing is noticeable, it is advisable to consult a vet.

Prevention of respiratory diseases

Good air quality and a low-dust environment are crucial for keeping the horse's respiratory tract healthy. Dust, mold and poor stable hygiene can promote respiratory problems. The risk can be significantly reduced with targeted measures in husbandry, feeding and stable management.

➡️ Video tip: Preventing respiratory diseases - how to keep the lungs healthy! Find out how you can protect your horse's respiratory tract and maintain its long-term performance with dust-free feeding, optimum stable hygiene and targeted prevention - watch now!

Feeding to support the lungs

Healthy lungs are crucial for a horse's performance, as the body cannot produce energy efficiently without a sufficient supply of oxygen. This can affect musculature, endurance and general fitness.

➡️ Video tip: No performance without oxygen - how to support your horse's lungs! Find out why an optimal oxygen supply is essential for muscle development and endurance and how you can specifically support your horse's lung function through feeding and husbandry - watch now!

How can the horse's lungs be supported by feeding?

• Dust-free, high-quality roughage (steamed or watered hay) reduces exposure to mold spores and dust particles.
• Omega-3 fatty acids from linseed or hemp oil have an anti-inflammatory effect and can support the respiratory tract.
• Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E promote the regeneration of lung cells and strengthen the immune system.
• Herbs such as marshmallow root, thyme or licorice root can have an expectorant and calming effect on the respiratory tract.
• Minerals such as magnesium and zinc support the function of the respiratory tract and the immune system.

The horse's lungs can be optimally supported and breathing quality improved through adapted feeding and low-dust husbandry.

The right barn hygiene

Good barn hygiene is crucial to prevent respiratory diseases.

Optimum ventilation in the barn

• The hutch should be well ventilated but free from draughts.
• Ammonia vapors from urine irritate the respiratory tract - regular mucking out reduces exposure.
• Improve air quality with open windows, high ceilings or ventilation systems.

Use low-dust bedding

• Straw is often dusty and moldy, especially when stored poorly.
• Bedding alternatives such as dedusted wood shavings, linseed straw or hemp bedding are better for the respiratory tract.
• The box should be thoroughly mucked out every day to reduce the formation of ammonia.

Cleaning of stable aisles and training areas

• No dry sweeping, as this stirs up dust. Instead, damp mop or sweep.
• Water indoor riding arena floors regularly to minimize dust formation.

Sufficient exercise in the fresh air

• Daily grazing or exercise provides fresh air and supports lung function.
• Stable horses have a higher risk of respiratory diseases - therefore encourage exercise outside the stable.

➡️ Video tipStable hygiene & stall management with Sönke Kohrock! Find out how you can ensure a clean and healthy stable environment with targeted measures to optimize your horse's well-being and respiratory health.

Inhalation therapies as support

Inhalation therapies, in particular brine inhalation, has proven to be an effective method of supporting the horse's respiratory tract. This therapy helps to loosen mucus and facilitate breathing. In the case of chronic respiratory diseases, this treatment can promote the healing process and improve well-being.

➡️ Video tip: Administering medication made easy - from worming treatment to inhalers! Dr. Vivian Gabor shows you how to gently get your horse used to nostrils and mouth touches so that administering worming treatment etc. is stress-free - watch now!

The role of the muscles and the girth

The horse's breathing capacity can be impaired by external factors such as a saddle girth that is too tight or muscular tension. A saddle girth that is too tight can constrict the rib cage and make breathing difficult. Make sure that the girth is loose enough to allow you to breathe freely.

Muscular tension can also restrict breathing movements. Regular massages and physiotherapeutic measures help to relax the muscles and maximize breathing capacity.

Breathing in horses: the most important questions and answers

Why is my horse breathing so fast?

Rapid breathing in horses can have various causes, including physical exertion, heat, stress or health problems. If the horse is constantly breathing faster than 16 breaths per minute, even at rest, this could indicate respiratory disease, pain or circulatory problems. In this case, a vet should be consulted.

What to do if the horse is breathing heavily?

If your horse is breathing heavily, you should immediately move it to a quiet and well-ventilated area. Loosen the saddle girth, calm your horse and observe its breathing movements. In the event of shortness of breath or abnormal breathing, it is important to consult a vet immediately to clarify possible causes.

What does abdominal breathing in horses mean and how do I recognize it?

Abdominal breathing occurs when the horse has difficulty breathing and uses more abdominal muscles. This is often a sign of respiratory distress or chronic respiratory disease. You can recognize abdominal breathing by the fact that the horse's belly visibly bulges outwards during breathing, often with visible effort in the flank areas. In severe cases, the so-called "vapor gutter" may also become visible.

Why does my horse have abdominal breathing?

Belly breathing occurs when the horse has difficulty breathing normally. The horse uses its abdominal muscles to support breathing. This can be caused by chronic respiratory diseases, allergies, infections, or environmental influences such as dust.

What to do about abdominal breathing in horses?

If your horse shows abdominal breathing you should consult a vet immediately to find out the exact cause. To support the horse, make sure the environment is dust-free, put the horse out in the fresh air, and loosen the saddle girth. Suitable feeding, e.g. with moistened hay, can also be helpful.

Why is my horse breathing so quickly and what happens when a horse breathes quickly?

Rapid breathing can have various causes, such as stress, pain, physical exertion or respiratory diseases. If your horse breathes unusually quickly even when at rest, this is a sign of possible health problems. In this case, a vet should be consulted.

How do you recognize abdominal breathing in horses?

A horse with abdominal breathing uses its abdominal muscles to exhale. This results in a visible movement along the flanks. In severe cases, a vapor groove can form - a depression along the abdominal muscles caused by prolonged breathing effort.

When does a horse have abdominal breathing?

Abdominal breathing occurs when the horse has difficulty pushing air out of the lungs normally. This often occurs with respiratory diseases such as equine asthma, RAO or chronic bronchitis. Pneumonia or heat stroke can also be the cause.

Why is my horse breathing so loudly?

Loud breathing can be caused by constricted or inflamed airways. Diseases such as laryngeal whistling, hay dust allergy, RAO or an infection can affect the air supply. The problem can worsen, especially under stress, which is why a veterinary examination is advisable.

Why does my horse pump when at rest?

A horse that visibly "pumps" at rest, i.e. shows increased respiratory movement, may be suffering from a lack of oxygen, pain or a respiratory disease. It is particularly alarming if the horse shows nostril bloating or bluish mucous membranes - in this case, a vet should be called immediately.

When is a horse's breathing a cause for concern?

A horse normally breathes 8 to 16 times per minute at rest. It becomes worrying when:

• The breathing rate is permanently above 20 breaths per minute
• Nostrils are noticeably distended
• The horse shows abdominal breathing
• Cough or nasal discharge may be added
• The mucous membranes become bluish or pale

How can I help my horse with breathing problems?

• Dust-free housing and a good stable climate (well-ventilated stable, as much fresh air as possible)
• Steamed or watered hay to reduce mold spores
• Regular exercise to support lung function
• Inhalation therapy with brine or medication to calm the airways
• Veterinary check-up to clarify the cause of the breathing problems

Can stress influence a horse's breathing?

Yes, stress can lead to faster and shallower breathing. Separation anxiety, transportation, unfamiliar surroundings or incorrect training can affect breathing rate and depth. Horses that are constantly nervous or tense often show an increased breathing rate even at rest.

Why does my horse get worse air while riding?

If your horse breathes significantly harder under stress, this may indicate a reduction in lung capacity. Possible causes include laryngeal wheezing, equine asthma, RAO or chronic bronchitis. Increased respiratory resistance or a lack of oxygen causes the horse to become exhausted more quickly.

Can I train my horse's breathing?

Yes, targeted training can improve lung capacity and breathing efficiency. This is particularly helpful:

• Interval training with a slow increase in load
• Lots of exercise in the fresh air
• Uphill work to promote the respiratory muscles

If your horse has chronic breathing problems, training should always be coordinated with your vet.